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| Robert J. Havighurst |
Robert James Havighurst (June 5, 1900 in De Pere, Wisconsin – January 31, 1991 in Richmond, Indiana) was a professor, physicist, educator, and aging expert. Both his father, Freeman Alfred Havighurst, and mother, Winifred Weter Havighurst, had been educators at Lawrence University. Havighurst worked and published well into his 80s. According to his family, Havighurst died of Alzheimer's disease at the age of ninety.
Stages of Development
"A successful mother sets her children free and becomes free herself in the process."
Robert J. Havighurst
Havighurst identified six major stages in human life. They are:
1. Infancy & early childhood (Birth till 6)
2. Middle childhood (6-12)
3. Adolescence (13-18)
4. Early Adulthood (19-30)
5. Middle Age (30-60)
6. Later maturity (60 and over)
Sources of Developmental Tasks
"The 2 basic principle processes of education are knowing and valuing."
Robert J. Havighurst
In Havighurst’s bio psychosocial model, the first important issue is biology, second is psychology and the last one is the sociology.
Havighurst identified 3 sources of developmental tasks:1. Tasks that arise from physical maturation: Learning to walk, talk, control of bowel and urine, behaving in a acceptable manner to opposite sex, adjusting to menopause.
2. Tasks that arise from personal values: Choosing an occupation, figuring out ones philosophical outlook.
3. Tasks that have their source in the pressures of society: Learning to read, learning to be responsible citizen.
Developmental Tasks
(Ages 0-6)
Learning to walk.
Learning to crawl.
Learning to take slid food.
Learning to talk.
Learning to control the elimination of body wastes.
Learning sex differences and sexual modesty.
Getting ready to read.
Forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality.
(Ages 6-12)
Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games.
Learning to get along with age mates.
Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism.
Learning on appropriate masculine or feminine social role.
Developing concepts necessary for everyday living.
Developing concepts necessary for everyday living.
Developing conscience, morality and a scale of values.
Achieving personal independence. Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions.
(Ages 12-18)
Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates of both sexes.
Achieving a masculine or feminine social role.
Accepting one’s physique and using the body effectively.
Achieving emotional independence of parents and other adults.
Preparing for marriage and family life.
Acquiring a st of values and an ethical system as a guide to behaviour.
Desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour.
(Ages 18-30)
Selecting a mate.
Learning to live with a partner.
Starting family.
Rearing children.
Managing home.
Getting started in occupation.
Taking on civic responsibility.
Finding a congenial social group.
(Ages 30-60)
Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults.
Achieving adult social and civic responsibility.
Reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in one’s occupational career.
Developing adult leisure time activities.
Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person.
To accept and adjust to the physiological changes of middle age.
Adjusting to aging parents.
(60 and over)
Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health.
Adjusting to retirement and reduced income.
Adjusting to death of a spouse.
Establishing an explicit affiliation with one’s age group.
Adopting and adapting social roles in a flexible way.
Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements.
Robert J. Havighurst - Conclusion
Completing the Tasks
So what happens if the task is not completed in that stage or completed in a later date. Havighurst reply to that it is critical that the tasks should be completed during the appropriate stage, otherwise result will be the failure to achieve success in future tasks.
Criticism
One things Havighurst seems to miss is that his solutions to this problems, it is not so clear in this theory how we sort out this problems.
When it comes to if he’s theory is scientific, it is hard to say, some part of his theory can be tested, equally some parts are very difficult to test.
Havighurst’s theory is easy to understand, and it is clear, there is no ambiguity. It is applicable to many cultures, even though he concentrated on middle class Americans.
It is disappointing that not many theorists are influenced by his theory.
get it from (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Havighurst)
